PhysiCan - a device for automatic CPM exercises implementation over canines: Design and analysis.

Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) devices have been used to assist physicians conducting human rehabilitation; however, similar machines specific for canine rehabilitation have not been found in the reviewed literature. This research performed a physical analysis of the hind limb of dogs to design a device for implementing automated CPM exercises. The device proved to comply with the guidelines to perform CPM exercises, allowing a proper setting of parameters to generate rehabilitation routines customized for different rehabilitation requirements. Also, an electromyography acquisition module was incorporated into the system, with surface electrodes to visualize and provide feedback to the user for muscle activation. Limitations were encountered with a range of motion of 80° and an error of approximately 2% for angular position accuracy.

Is there a relationship between oral hygiene and nutritional status in peritoneal dialysis patients? / ¿Existe alguna relación entre la higiene bucal y el estado Nutricional de los pacientes en diálisis peritoneal?

Brackground: in the early stages of kidney disease, oral manifestations (gingivitis and periodontitis) may cause premature tooth loss and limit food intake. There is scarce evidence of the relationship of oral hygiene and nutritional status in patients on Peritoneal Dialysis (PD). Objective: we aimed to assess the relationship of oral hygiene with nutritional, clinical, and physical performance parameters in PD patients. Methods: this cross-sectional study included outpatients aged 34-69 years. Oral health questionnaire, nutritional, functional, and clinical assessment tools such as Malnutrition Inflammation Score (MIS), Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), handgrip strength, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms Questionnaire (GSQ) were applied. Patients were divided according to debris, calculus, and Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) in two groups: "clean-slightly dirty" and "dirty-very dirty". Results: in total, 41 patients were included, those in the "dirty-very dirty" group had a worse nutritional status with higher scores on the MIS tool and worse nutritional diagnosis with SGA as compared to the "clean-slightly dirty" group. The handgrip strength was higher in patients in the best category of oral hygiene, and those with the worst hygiene presented greater severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. The risks of malnutrition in the three indices of oral hygiene with the worst category were statistically significant. Conclusion: poor oral hygiene was associated with poorer nutritional status, lower handgrip, and worse GSQ. Poor oral hygiene might be related to persistent inflammation status and catabolism that favored protein-energy wasting (AU)

Introducción: en las primeras etapas de la enfermedad renal, las manifestaciones orales (gingivitis y periodontitis) pueden causar la pérdida de dientes prematura y limitar la ingestión de los alimentos. Existe poca evidencia de la relación entre la higiene bucal y el estado de nutrición en los pacientes con Diálisis Peritoneal (PD). Objetivos: evaluar la relación de la higiene bucal con los parámetros Nutricionales, clínicos y de funcionalidad física en pacientes con DP. Métodos: este es un estudio transversal que incluyó a pacientes ambulatorios de 34 a 69 años. Se aplicó un cuestionario de salud bucal, herramientas de evaluación Nutricional, pruebas de funcionalidad y un cuestionario de síntomas gastrointestinales, con las herramientas MIS (Malnutrition Inflammation Score), SGA (Subjective Global Assessment); fuerza de prensión de mano y el cuestionario de síntomas gastrointestinales GSQ (Gastrointestinal Score Questionnaire). Los pacientes fueron agrupados de acuerdo con los índices de placa, cálculo y OHI-S (Simplified Oral Hygiene Index) en dos grupos: "limpio-ligeramente sucio" y "sucio-muy sucio". Resultados: se incluyeron 41 pacientes en total, aquellos en el grupo "sucio-muy sucio" presentaron un peor estado Nutricional con mayores puntajes de la herramienta MIS y peor diagnóstico Nutricional con la SGA comparado con el grupo "limpio-ligeramente sucio". La fuerza de prensión de mano fue mayor en los pacientes con la mejor categoría de higiene bucal, y aquellos con peor higiene presentaron mayor gravedad de síntomas gastrointestinales. El riesgo de desnutrición en los tres índices de higiene bucal con la peor categoría fueron estadísticamente significativos. Conclusiones: la mala higiene bucal se asoció con un peor estado Nutricional, menor fuerza de prensión de la mano y peor GSQ. Una higiene bucal deficiente podría estar relacionada con un estado de inflamación y catabolismo persistentes (AU)

Estimating Bordetella pertussis seroprevalence in adolescents and young adults in Mexico using the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT).

BACKGROUND: Low vaccination rates and under-detection of pertussis infections in adolescents and young adults have an impact on the transmission of pertussis to infants. In this study, the proportion of adolescents and young adults with IgG antibodies against B. pertussis antigens, representing recent infection or vaccination, was estimated in a population-based probabilistic survey in Mexico. METHODS: Sera and data from 1,581 subjects, including 1,102 adolescents and 479 young adults (10-19 and 20-25 years old, respectively) randomly selected from Mexico's 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey, were analyzed. IgG antibodies against pertussis toxin (PT) were measured with the CDC/FDA ELISA. A subset of 234 samples was additionally tested with Bp-IgG PT ELISA kit (EUROIMMUN AG, Lubeck, Germany). Threshold values from corresponding test kits were used to identify recent infection or vaccination. RESULTS: Overall anti-PT IgG seroprevalence was 3.9% (95% CI: 2.3-6.3); 3.1% (95% CI: 1.9-5.0) in adolescents, and 4.9% (95% CI: 2.2-11) in young adults. Seroprevalence did not significantly vary by sex, socioeconomic status, region or rural/urban location. Compared to the CDC/FDA ELISA, the EUROIMMUN test showed a 76% sensitivity and 88% specificity. The weighted estimates represent a considerable burden of recent infection in adolescents and young adults; however, most adolescents and adults were seronegative and, therefore, susceptible to pertussis infection. CONCLUSION: Since booster vaccination to B. pertussis after toddlerhood is not recommended in the Mexican national policy, anti-PT IgG seropositivity may be reasonably attributed to recent infection. Assessing pertussis seroprevalence requires careful consideration of the diagnostic test threshold interpretation and epidemiological model used.

Regional disparity of HIV incidence and prevalence among men who have sex with men.

BACKGROUND: HIV incidence can be estimated with cross-sectional studies using clinical, serological, and molecular data. Worldwide, HIV incidence data in only men who have sex with men (MSM) are scarce and principally focus on those with healthcare or under treatment. However, better estimates can be obtained through studies with national representativeness. The objective was to estimate the prevalence, incidence, and factors associated with acquiring HIV in a national sample of MSM who attend meeting places, considering geographical regions. METHODS: A nationally representative survey of MSM attending meeting places was performed in Mexico. Participants answered a questionnaire, and a dried blood spot (DBS) was collected. Samples were classified as recent infections using an algorithm with HIV status, antiretroviral therapy, and the result of BED-EIA assay. Parameters were analysed considering regions and demographic and sexual behaviour characteristics. RESULTS: The national HIV prevalence was 17.4% with regional differences; the highest prevalence (20.7%) was found in Mexico City, and the lowest prevalence was found in the West region (11.5%). The incidence was 9.4 per 100 p/y, with regional values from 6.2 to 13.2 for the Northeast and the Centre regions, respectively. Age, age at sexual debut, low wealth index, and rewarded sex were associated with HIV prevalence. Centre region, use of private clinics as health services, and having sex exclusively with men were associated with recent HIV infections. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and prevalence showed regional differences, suggesting a difference in the dynamics of HIV transmission; some regions have a greater case accumulation, and others have a greater rate of new infections. Understanding this dynamic will allow developing health programs focused on HIV prevention or treating people already living with HIV.

New model for the correlation of the surface tension based on friction theory.

A new correlation method for the surface tension of fluids is proposed, which is based on friction theory applied to the interface of a two-phase system. The substance properties enter the model by a regular equation of state. Here we derive the method and test it with the Lennard-Jones 12-6 fluid as the reference system using molecular dynamics simulations of the vapor-liquid interface in combination with a new Lennard-Jones 12-6 equation of state. Further correlations of experimental surface tension data based on the Peng-Robinson and the PC-SAFT equations of state are presented. As a result, we find that the method allows an accurate correlation of the surface tension of pure fluids.

Formación de enfermeras en prevención y tratamiento de conductas adictivas. Los planes de estudio de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Formation of nurses in the prevention and treatment of addictive behaviors, the related study plans in the National School of Nursing and Obstetrics

El uso y dependencia de sustancias adictivas se relaciona con un amplio conjunto de problemas de salud y de exclusión social, así mismo representan un factor significativo en el incremento de la morbilidad a nivel nacional. En este artículo se presentan los resultados de la revisión y análisis de los planes de estudios correspondientes a la Licenciatura en Enfermería en tres centros de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM): La ENEO, FESZ y FESI), desde la perspectiva de la formación en prevención y tratamiento de conductas adictivas. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, evaluativo, transversal, de tipo investigación documental, que analiza la transversalidad de los contenidos sobre la temática de adicciones en los planes y programas de las tres dependencias de la UNAM. Proyecto MP6-20 El análisis comparativo de los planes de estudio permite mostrar que la temática de adicciones, aparece de manera diferencial en los proyectos de formación universitaria de enfermería. Los proyectos curriculares analizados, adolecen de un modelo pedagógico que permita identificar como problema de salud, las conductas adictivas; y en consecuencia se desarrollen estrategias que permitan paulatinamente desarrollar competencias profesionales para la prevención específica, el tratamiento y la reinserción social de las personas con conductas adictivas.

The use and dependence of addictive substances is related with a wide group of problems of health and of social exclusion, likewise they represent a significant factor in the increment from the mobility to national level. In this paper present the results of the revision and analysis of curriculum corresponding to bachelor nursing in three dependences of UNAM: The ENEO, FESZ and FESI, from the perspective of the formation in prevention and treatment of addictive behaviors. It is a descriptive study, evaluative, cross transverse, of type documental investigation that analyzes the transversal of the contents on the thematic of addictions in the curriculum of the three dependences of the UNAM. The comparative analysis of the study plans allows explains that the thematic of addictions appears in a differential way in the projects of university formation of nursing. The analyzed curriculum lack of a pedagogic model that allows identifying as problem of health the addictive behaviors and in consequence strategies are developed that allow gradually developing professional competitions for the prevention it specifies, the treatment and the social reinsertion of people with addictive behaviors.

Clinical and capillaroscopic evaluation in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency with Ruscus aculeatus, hesperidin methylchalcone and ascorbic acid in venous insufficiency treatment of ambulatory patients.

AIM: Clinical and capillaroscopic evaluation of an association of Ruscus aculeatus, hesperidin methylchalcone (HMC) and ascorbic acid in chronic venous insufficiency METHODS: A prospective, multicenter and open clinical study. Chronic venous insufficiency patients were studied using clinical, etiological, anatomical, physiological classification (CEAP) symptom scale. Symptomatology, CEAP scale, and baseline, 2-, 4-, 6- and 8-week skin capillaroscopy were assessed. Treatment consisted of two capsules per day of Ruscus aculeatus 150 mg/HMC 150 mg/ascorbic acid 100 mg during 8 weeks. RESULTS: A total of 124 patients were studied, 109 female (89.28%), with a mean age of 52.5 (33-80+9.8). Initial intense reports were 79% pain, 85% heaviness, 74% cramps, 82% edema, decreasing to 20%, 12%, 8% and 14%, respectively, within two weeks, and symptomatology being absent at the end of treatment. Capillaroscopy changes at treatment completion were: 98% to 20% inter-capillary fluid decrease; 80% to 20% efferent loop thickening; 5% to 2% peri-capillary bed, and 5% to 4% mega-capillaries. CONCLUSION: Severe symptom decrease started from the second week until there were no symptoms at the end of treatment. It is the first time morphologic changes were observed in chronic venous insufficiency through capillaroscopy following a pharmacological intervention. Capillary-level effect was proportional to symptom decrease. Improvement was seen from the second week of treatment.

[Trombosis of the dorsal penis vein (of Mondor's phlebitis). Presentation of a new case]. / Trombosis de la vena dorsal del pene (Flebitis de Mondor). Aportación de un nuevo caso.

OBJECTIVE: We present a new case of trombosis of the superficial dorsal penis vein called Penile Mondor's disease. The characteristics of the disease are reviewed and the most usual diagnostic and therapeutic methods. METHODS: The case of a 41 year old man is reviewed who consulted for pain and induration on the proximal part of the penis. RESULTS: After phisical examination and Eco-doppler was made the diagnosis of Mondor's disease. He receibed treatment with non steroidal antiinflamatories and antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: The dorsal vein thrombosis is a rare disease with pain an induration of the dorsal part of the penis. The ethiology can be traumatic, neoplasic, excesive sexual activity or abstinence. Is necesary the diferencial diagnosis with esclerosant linphangitis and the most important imaging is the Eco-doppler. The treatment is based in non steroidal antiinflamatories and antibiotics wit infection. The local aplication of heparine can be useful and the surgery with thrombectomy and resection is for persistent cases.

Trombosis de la vena dorsal del pene (Flebitis de Mondor). Aportación de un nuevo caso / Trombosis of the dorsal penis vein (of Mondor´s phlebitis). Presentation of a new case

Objetivo: Presentamos un nuevo caso de trombosis de la vena dorsal superficial del pene o “flebitis de Mondor”. Revisamos las características de la enfermedad y los métodos diagnósticos y terapéuticos actuales. Métodos: Revisamos el caso de un varón de 41 años que consultó por dolor e induración dorsal del pene. Resultados: Después de realizar exploración física y Eco-doppler fue diagnosticado de Trombosis de la vena dorsal superficial o flebitis de Mondor. Recibió tratamiento con antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y antibióticos experimentando mejoría clínica. Conclusiones: La trombosis de la vena dorsal del pene es una rara entidad que cursa con dolor e induración dorsal, la etiología puede ser traumática, neoplásica, por excesiva actividad sexual o prolongada abstinencia. Puede cursar de forma aguda, subaguda o crónica. Es necesario realizar diagnóstico diferencial con la linfangitis esclerosante, el estudio de imagen ideal es el Eco-doppler y el tratamiento se basa en antiinflamatorios y antibióticos en caso de infección. Pueden ser útiles sustancias heparinizantes locales reservándose el manejo quirúrgico con trombectomía o resección de la vena dorsal para casos persistentes

Objective: We present a new case of trombosis of the superficial dorsal penis vein called Penile Mondor´s disease. The characteristics of the disease are reviewed and the most usual diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Methods: The case of a 41 year old man is reviewed who consulted for pain and induration on the proximal part of the penis. Results: After phisical examination and Eco-doppler was made the diagnosis of Mondor´s disease. He receibed treatment with non steroidal antiinflamatories and antibiotics. Conclusions: The dorsal vein thrombosis is a rare disease with pain an induration of the dorsal part of the penis. The ethiology can be traumatic, neoplasic, excesive sexual activity or abstinence. Is necesary the diferencial diagnosis with esclerosant linphangitis and the most important imaging is the Eco-doppler. The treatment is based in non steroidal antiinflamatories and antibiotics wit infection. The local aplication of heparine can be useful and the surgery with thrombectomy and resection is for persistent cases

Cambios sociales y evaluación de la educación en méxico. El caso de la lectura. / Social changes and the assessment of education in Mexico. The case of reading

A partir de la lectura de documentos oficiales, se reflexiona sobre los cambios que ha presentado el Estado mexicano, para asumirse actualmente como un estado evaluador; la participación de la Organización de Cooperación para el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE), en el diagnóstico sobre la educación en México, y la aplicación del Programa Internacional de Evaluación de Estudiantes (PISA), sus resultados y la respuesta que da el gobierno en la generación de estrategias para cambiar aptitudes de lectura de la población mexicana. Se presentan resultados de una encuesta aplicada en el 2005, por la Procuraduría Federal del Consumidor (Profeco), para identificar cómo, a ocho años del diagnóstico de la OCDE (1997) Y a cinco de la aplicación del PISA (2000), con énfasis en la lectura, la población sigue presentando resultados negativos. La propuesta es ya no esperar políticas públicas, ante esta necesidad urgente, adoptar una actitud reflexiva y responsable con nosotros mismos y la población con la que nos relacionamos, ya sea por razones laborales o familiares; con la certidumbre de que somos capaces de construir mejores mañanas.

Starting from the reading of official documents, one can reflect about the changes the Mexican Government has presented for assuming itself as an evaluating state; about the Cooperative Organization for the Economical. Development (OCDE) participation to the diagnostics about education in Mexico, and the Students Evaluation. International Program (PlSA) application, their outcomes, and the answer given by the government when generating strategies to change the Mexican population reading abilities. Here, the outcomes of a survey carriec! out in 2005 by the Federal Procurator Office for Consumers (Profeco) in order to identify how, at eight years from the OCDE diagnoses (1997) and at five from the PISA application (2000), with an emphasis on reading, population continues showing negative outcomes. The proposal is to stop waiting for public politics before this urgent need and realize a reflexive and responsible attitude must be adopted with ourselves and with the population with which we are relating, either because working or family reasons; with the certitude that we are capable to build a better "tomorrow".

[Urinary stone in a Bricker's ileal conduit]. / Litiasis en conducto urinario tipo Bricker.

OBJECTIVES: To report one case of urinary stone as a relatively frequent complications of urinary diversion using bowel loops. METHODS: We perform a short bibliographic review using the case report format. RESULTS: Stone formation in Bricker's type urinary diversion is secondary to various factors such as urinary stasis, bacteriuria, presence of intestinal mucus, metallic sutures, metabolic disturbances, etc. CONCLUSIONS: Periodic control by radiological studies is recommended due to the high frequency of this complication in patients with urinary diversion. Treatment is usually conservative or minimally invasive, being surgery reserved for those cases in which stone extraction is not safe using other methods.

Simultaneous free-volume modeling of the self-diffusion coefficient and dynamic viscosity at high pressure.

In this work, a simultaneous modeling of the self-diffusion coefficient and the dynamic viscosity is presented. In the microstructural theory these two quantities are governed by the same friction coefficient related to the mobility of the molecule. A recent free-volume model, already successfully applied to dynamic viscosity, has been considered and generalized. In this generalized model the compound is characterized by only four parameters. But if the quadratic length is known, the number of adjustable parameters is three. The compounds considered in this work are benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chlorotrifluoromethane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, and tetramethylsilane. For these pure compounds we have found in the literature several data for both the self-diffusion and the dynamic viscosity in large viscosity, diffusion, temperature, and pressure intervals (up to around 500 MPa for methylcyclohexane and tetramethylsilane). The average absolute deviation obtained by the modeling is generally less than 3% for the viscosity and 5% for the self-diffusion.

[Utility of prostate-specific antigen in pleural fluid for the diagnosis of metastatic effusion secondary to prostate cancer]. / Utilidad del antígeno prostático específico en líquido pleural para el diagnóstico del derrame metastático por cáncer de próstata.

Pulmonary or pleural involvement from prostate cancer is an uncommon clinical finding. We report on a patient with prostate cancer and a diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion made by determination of pleural fluid prostate specific antigen.

[Ectopic prostatic tissue in the bladder]. / Tejido prostático ectópico en vejiga urinaria.

We report the case of a 58-year-old man with ectopic prostatic tissue at the bladder trigone. The diagnosis was by chance during study and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The appearance was pseudocystic. It occupied completely the bladder trigone. On histology, the lesion was formed by prostatic type-glands, which were positive for the presence of prostatic specific antigen by using inmunoperoxidase technique. It was partially covered by normal urothelium. Ten months later, no trace of recurrence has been evidenced.

[Transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clinical trials in psychiatry: therapeutical use]. / Estimulación magnética transcraneal. Estudios clínicos en Psiquiatría: indicaciones terapéuticas.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is the noninvasive application of localized pulsed magnetic field to the surface of the skull, to cause a depolarization of neurons in the underlying cerebral cortex (Daryl E., Bohning PH.D.). Based on Reciprocal Induction (Faraday, 1831), and the Ampere Maxwell Law, according to which electric energy is associated with magnetic energy and vice versa, transcranial magnetic stimulation has been used during the last fifteen years in the diagnosis of Central Nervous System dysfunctions, its safeness and good tolerance having been proven. Since 1876, when Dàrsonval discovered that the use of a similar apparatus caused vertigo, phosphenes and fainting, thousands of transcranial magnetic stimulation studies have been carried out in the fields of Neurology and Psychiatry. The present is a review of clinical studies carried out in Psychiatry, specifically related to Mood Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Post traumatic-Stress Syndrome.

Tejido prostático ectópico en vejiga urinaria / Ectopic prostatic tissue in urinary bladder

Se presenta un caso de tejido prostático ectópico localizado en trígono vesical, en un paciente de 58 años. El hallazgo fue casual durante el estudio y tratamiento de un paciente con hipertrofia benigna de próstata. Se manifestó como lesiones seudoquísticas que ocupaban la totalidad del trígono vesical. El tejido de recubrimiento, obtenido por resección transuretral, estaba formado por focos de revestimiento urotelial y glándulas de aspecto prostático que presentaron positividad en el estudio inmunohistoquímico frente a PSA. No existe evidencia de recurrencia a los diez meses del diagnóstico (AU)

No disponible

Estimulación magnética transcraneal. Estudios clínicos en Psiquiatría: indicaciones terapéuticas / Transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clinical trials in psychiatry: therapeutical use

Estimulación magnética transcraneal consiste en la aplicación, de forma no invasiva, de un campo magnético pulsante localizado sobre la superficie craneal, que en respuesta provoca la despolarización de las neuronas del córtex cerebral subyacente' (Daryl E., Bohning Ph.D.). Fundamentado sobre el principio de inducción recíproca (Faraday, 1831) y la Ley de Àmpere-Maxwell, según los cuales la energía eléctrica lleva asociada energía magnética, y viceversa, la estimulación eléctrica transcraneal se ha utilizado en los últimos quince años en el diagnóstico de disfunciones del sistema nervioso central, habiendo quedado probada su seguridad y buena tolerancia. Desde que Dársonval en 1896 utilizase por primera vez un ingenio semejante a la estimulación eléctrica transcraneal para su aplicación al sistema nervioso central, descubriendo que provocaba cuadros de vértigo, fosfenos y síncope, hasta la actualidad, son muchos los estudios realizados con estimulación magnética transcraneal, tanto en el terreno de la Neurología como en el de la Psiquiatría. Este trabajo contiene una revisión de los estudios clínicos realizados en Psiquiatría, en particular en trastornos del ánimo, el trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo y el trastorno por estrés postraumático. (AU)

[Reabsorption syndrome. Report of a case]. / Síndrome de reabsorción. Presentación de un caso.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of TURP syndrome and emphasize the importance of early diagnosis. METHODS: A case of reabsorption syndrome in a patient that underwent transurethral resection under spinal anesthesia is presented. RESULTS: Reabsorption syndrome (TURP syndrome) is manifested by neurological and hemodynamic changes resulting from absorption of irrigating fluid used during transurethral resection of the prostate. This complication presented in a patient undergoing elective surgery and with no additional risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Since it is impossible to prevent this complication of TUR, spinal anesthesia should be utilized whenever possible because it permits early detection before important complications develop.

[Prevalence and risk factors for erectile dysfunction in the Region of Bierzo]. / Prevalencia y factores de riesgo de disfunción eréctil en la Comarca del Bierzo.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence and risk factors for erectile dysfunction in Bierzo (León, Spain). METHODS: A study was conducted based on a self-administered survey in males aged 19 to 90 years that consulted at the urology and family medicine services of 10 health centers in Bierzo (León, Spain). To determine the existence or absence of erectile dysfunction, the male sexual health questionnaire (SHIM) was included, and those with a score of 21 or less were considered to have some degree of erectile dysfunction. Distribution of the questionnaire began in September 1999 and ended in May 2000. Submission of the questionnaires concluded on May 31, 2000. Of 935 questionnaire that were received, 830 were valid. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of erectile dysfunction in this study was 63.9%, which increased with age and was markedly higher after age 50 years (38.6% for age 41-50 years and 72.6% for age 51-60 years). The age-adjusted analysis showed the risk factors for erectile dysfunction were depression and arterial hypertension on treatment with drugs. Diabetes mellitus on treatment with oral glucose lowering agents or insulin, heart disease and hypercholesterolemia were also associated with the more severe forms. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of erectile dysfunction in patients consulting at the primary care and general urological services in Bierzo (León, Spain) was outstandingly high. The present study showed erectile dysfunction to be an age-dependent disease that caused concern in slightly more than half of the patients with this condition. Apart from age, depression and vascular disease were found to be risk factors.

[Scrotal leiomyoma]. / Leiomioma de escroto.

A case of a 32-year-old patient with a diagnosis of leiomyoma of the scrotum was studied. Histologic analyses did not yield evidence of malignancy. Full excision of tumor was achieved and the postoperative period was uneventful.